Traditionally, a text is understood to be a piece of written or spoken material in its primary form (as opposed to a paraphrase or summary). A text is any stretch of language that can be understood in context. It may be as simple as 1-2 words (such as a stop sign) or as complex as a novel. Any sequence of sentences that belong together can be considered a text.
Text refers to content rather than form; for example, if you were talking about the text of “Don Quixote,” you would be referring to the words in the book, not the physical book itself. Information related to a text, and often printed alongside it—such as an author’s name, the publisher, the date of publication, etc.—is known as paratext.
The idea of what constitutes a text has evolved over time. In recent years, the dynamics of technology—especially social media—have expanded the notion of the text to include symbols such as emoticons and emojis. A sociologist studying teenage communication, for example, might refer to texts that combine traditional language and graphic symbols.
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